Clostridium difficile CD196

Clostridium_difficile
Names Clostridium difficile CD196
Accession numbers NC_013315
Background Clostridium difficile, a Gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium, is the leading cause of infectious diarrhea among patients in hospitals worldwide, causing C. difficile infection (CDI). An important nosocomial pathogen, it is frequently associated with antibiotic treatment and causes diseases ranging from antibiotic-associated diarrhea to life-threatening pseudomembraneous colitis. Although two important virulence factors of C. difficile have been shown to be exotoxins, toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB), little is known about other factors involved in the adherence and colonization processes. In the past 5 years a new group of highly virulent C. difficile strains has emerged to cause outbreaks of increased disease severity in North America and Europe. Several studies have shown that patients infected with these PCR-ribotype 027 strains have more severe diarrhea, higher mortality and more recurrences.The earliest recorded PCR-ribotype 027 isolate was strain CD196, which is a non-epidemic strain isolated from a single patient with CDI in a Paris hospital in 1985. PCR-ribotype 027 strains are genetically highly uniform. This genome was sequenced and subjected to a three-way genome comparison of this non-epidemic 027 C. difficile strain (CD196), a recent epidemic and hypervirulent 027 strain (R20291, CLODR) and the previously published PCR-ribotype 012 strain (630, CLOD6). 027 strains have considerable genetic differences compared to strain 630 that may relate to observed phenotypic differences in motility, survival, antibiotic resistance and toxicity (adapted from PMID 19781061). (HAMAP: CLODC)
Taxonomy
Kingdom:Bacteria
Phylum:Firmicutes
Class:Clostridia
Order:Clostridiales
Family:Clostridiaceae
Genus:Clostridium
Species:difficile
Strain CD196
Complete Yes
Sequencing centre (06-OCT-2009) National Center for Biotechnology Information, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
(13-AUG-2009) He M., Pathogen Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Sequencing quality Level 6: Finished
Sequencing depth NA
Sequencing method Sanger, 454-GS-FLX
Isolation site a non-epidemic strain isolated from a patient with PMC in Paris, 1985
Isolation country France
Number of replicons 1
Gram staining properties Positive
Shape Bacilli
Mobility Yes
Flagellar presence Yes?
Number of membranes 1
Oxygen requirements Obligate anaerobic
Optimal temperature NA
Temperature range Mesophilic
Habitat HostAssociated
Biotic relationship Free living
Host name Homo sapiens
Cell arrangement Chains, Pairs, Singles
Sporulation Sporulating
Metabolism NA
Energy source Chemoorganotroph
Diseases NA
Pathogenicity Yes