Clostridium kluyveri NBRC 12016

Names Clostridium kluyveri NBRC 12016
Accession numbers NC_011836, NC_011837
Background Clostridium kluyveri is a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium. It is unique among the clostridia as it grows anaerobically on ethanol and acetate as sole energy sources, and has been extensively studied. Fermentation products are butyrate, caproate, and H2. It has been used as a source of enzymes, for example phosphotransacetylase for analytical purposes and enoate reductases for stereospecific hydrogenation reactions. A membrane-bound energy-converting NADH:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and a butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase complex coupling the reduction of crotonyl-CoA to butyryl-CoA with the reduction of ferredoxin represent a new energy-conserving module in anaerobes. The genes for NAD-dependent ethanol dehydrogenase and NAD(P)-dependent acetaldehyde dehydrogenase are located next to genes for microcompartment proteins, suggesting that the two enzymes, which are isolated together in a macromolecular complex, form a carboxysome-like structure. Unique for a strict anaerobe, C. kluyveri harbors three sets of genes predicted to encode for polyketide/nonribosomal peptide synthetase hybrides and one set for a nonribosomal peptide synthetase. The latter is predicted to catalyze the synthesis of a new siderophore, which is formed under iron-deficient growth conditions (modified from PubMed:18218779).Although strains DSM 555 (CLOK5, this strain) and NBRC 12016 (CLOK1) are purportedly coidentical type strains of Clostridium kluyveri there are differences in the genomic sequences. The DNA record for CLOK1 (AC AP009049) it says; "The genome sequence of NBRC 12016 strain has the region containing phage-related genes (from 1.93 Mbp to 1.99 Mbp). A similar region occurs in DSM 555 (1.93 Mbp to 2.06 Mbp) but it is not only double the size of the NBRC12016 region, but also a duplicate." Whether these differences are due to errors in sequencing and/or assembly, or due to divergent evolution of the two strains is indeterminate at present (April 2009). (HAMAP: CLOK5)
Taxonomy
Kingdom:Bacteria
Phylum:Firmicutes
Class:Clostridia
Order:Clostridiales
Family:Clostridiaceae
Genus:Clostridium
Species:kluyveri
Strain NBRC 12016
Complete Yes
Sequencing centre (06-JAN-2009) National Center for Biotechnology Information, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
(07-SEP-2005) Contact:Masayuki Inui Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE), Microbiology research
Sequencing quality Level 6: Finished
Sequencing depth NA
Sequencing method Sanger, 454-GS20
Isolation site "Mud of a canal in Delft, The Netherlands"
Isolation country Netherlands
Number of replicons 2
Gram staining properties Positive
Shape Bacilli
Mobility Yes
Flagellar presence NA
Number of membranes 1
Oxygen requirements Anaerobic
Optimal temperature NA
Temperature range Mesophilic
Habitat Aquatic
Biotic relationship Free living
Host name NA
Cell arrangement Pairs, Singles
Sporulation Sporulating
Metabolism NA
Energy source Chemoorganotroph
Diseases NA
Pathogenicity No