Escherichia coli UMN026

Escherichia_coli
Names Escherichia coli UMN026
Accession numbers NC_011739, NC_011749, NC_011751
Background 10) polysomes or poly-ribosomesThe outer cell membrane or outer membrane (OM) consists of a lipid bilayer structure composed of an outer layer or leaflet consisting of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and an inner leaflet consisting of phospholipids. LPS is composed of 3 components: lipid A, a branched sugar chain and the O-antigen. Lipid A is made of 2 glucosamines attached to phosphates and linked to C14 3-hydroxy myristic acid. The branched sugar consists of two types of sugars, one a heptose and the other keto-deoxyoctonoic acid. The O-antigen consists of a long (up to 40 sugars) carbohydrate chain. Each LPS unit is covalently linked to form a trimer through pyrophosphate linkages to the sugars of lipid A. LPS is highly immunogenic and frequently toxic (i.e. E. coli O157). The other major components of the outer membrane are proteins -- largely consisting of porins (approximately 60,000) which coexist with LPS. The outer membrane is a barrier that is quite resistant to chemicals and hydrophobic compounds, including antibiotics. Porins are passive diffusion channels that allow hydrophilic molecules (i.e. nutrients) of up to 800 daltons to pass through. The width of the outer membrane is about 10-15 nm.The cell wall, which lies just below the outer membrane is composed of peptidoglycan (also known as murein or Braun's lipoprotein) which, in turn, is covalently bound to the outer membrane. The cell wall prevents the cell from being osmotically lysed and gives the cell its characteristic shape. It is technically a single supermolecule. Peptidoglycan (PG) is a loosely (30%) cross-linked polymer consisting of covalently linked sugar and peptide units. The sugar units are N-acetylgulocsamine and N-acetylmuramic acid. The peptides are tetrapeptides consisting of L-Ala-D-Gly-DAP-D-Ala, where DAP is diaminopimelic acid. Peptidoglycan is synthesized via the insertion of rings (about 1100 in all) that grow from about 200 different locations around the cell (which translates to 250,000 copies of murein). The spacing of these PG growth rings is about 1.3 nm. In E. coli the peptidoglycan layer is very thin and may only be a monolayer.The inner membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer about 8 nm thick consisting of ~40% phospholipids and 60% protein. The phospholipids include phosphatidylethanolamine (75%), phosphatidylglycerol (18%), cardiolipin (5%) and phosphatidylyserine (2%). The lipid (fatty acid) chains are mostly C16 palmitic acid (43%), C16 palmitoleic acid (33%) and C18 vaccenic acid (24%), which form ester links to create the phospholipids. There are no sterols or steroids in the inner membrane of bacteria. Recall that mesophiles (like E. coli) tend to have fatty acids with shorter chains and more unsaturated fatty acids to maintain membrane fluidity. The inner membrane, in combination with the outer membrane (i.e. the cellular envelope) serves as an osmotic barrier, a nutrient-specific transporter, a lipid synthesizer, a peptidoglycan synthesizer, electron transport system, a place for assembly and secretion of envelope proteins, a mechanism for chromosomal segregation and a site for chemo-sensing. There exist a number of regions (~200 per cell) called Bayer's junctions where the inner (cytoplasmic) membrane contacts the outer membrane. It is not known what these junctions do.The periplasm, which is about 10 nm thick, occupies between 10 and 20 percent of the volume of an E. coli cell. It is the space between the inner and outer membrane and houses both proteins and the cell wall (peptidoglycan). It is thought to help in osmoregulation. The periplasm contains a number of proteins essential for nutrient binding, degradative enzymes (proteases, endonucleases), detoxifying enzymes (beta lactamase), peptidoglycan synthesis, cytochromes (electron transport) and chemotaxis or chemosensing proteins. The periplasm contains approximately 80,000 proteins.On the surface of the outer membrane can be found flagella. Flagella are rigid screw-like appendages (10-20 microns in length and approximately 25 nm wide) anchored to the outer membrane that rotate (clockwise or counterclockwise) in a propeller like fashion to facilitate bacterial movement. When flagella rotate counterclockwise this creates a pushing force that allows the bacterium to move (called a run). When flagella rotate clockwise the bacterium tumbles or twiddles. The change between a run and a twiddle is brought about by subtle changes to the structure of flagellar filament proteins (flagellin of FliC). Each flagellar filament is composed of 11 protofilaments wound in a bundled helix composed purely of flagellin. The orientation of these protofilaments (and the structure of the whole flagellar filament) is affected by small cumulative changes in the flagellin monomers brought on by chemo/osmotactic forces. Flagella are remarkably complex motor systems consisting of up to 50 different proteins which spontaneously self-assemble to form nano-scale rotors, stators and power (ATP) supplies. There are three components to a flagellum: the filament (composed of 30,000-40,000 flagellin monomers), the hook (which differ between G+ and G- cells) and the basal body (motor and power supply). A typical bacterium may have from 5-20 flagella. In E. coli, the flagellar are arranged in a peritrichous fashion (meaning they are scattered uniformly around the cell).Fimbrae or pili are thin appendages commonly found on G- cells. They are approximately 6.5 nm in diameter and between 200 and 2000 nm in length, meaning that they are smaller than flagella. A cell may have from 100-300 pili or fimbrae, meaning that they are much more numerous. The primary component in pili is the papA protein, a 16 kD protein which self-assembles into a helical repeat creating a hollow (1.5 nm) core of superstructured protein. Approximately 300 (short) to 3000 (long) papA proteins are needed to make a single pilus. The term fimbrae is used when referring to filaments responsible for surface attachment. The term pili refers to filaments used to mediate attachment to other bacteria (bacterial conjugation or DNA transfer).Also on the surface (i.e. outside the outer membrane) of E. coli are crystalline-like surface proteins which self-assemble to form S-layers. These S proteins form complex, rigid polyprotein networks that may be important for cellular protection and adherence.The cytoplasm is where all other major components of an E. coli cell reside. The cytoplasm contains the chromosomal DNA (about 2.3 genomes worth in an actively dividing cell), the RNA (tRNA, mRNA and rRNA), the ribosomes or polyribosomes (for protein synthesis), inclusion bodies or storage granules, essential ions (120 million), small organic molecules (18 million) and about 2.1 million proteins. The region of the cytoplasm containing the chromosome is called the nucleoid. It contains up to 2 chromosomal equivalents (in rapidly dividing cells). Each chromosome measures 1.55 mm in circumference (490 microns in diameter). The chromosome interacts with tens of thousands of nuclear proteins (HU, IHF, H-NS) with their being sufficient HU protein to bind the DNA every 200 bp (40,000+ monomers for each chromosome, HU dimerizes). These pseudo-histones condense the chromosome into a body (called a nucleiod) about 17 microns in diameter. The prokaryotic ribosome is composed of 2 subunits, the 30S and the 50S subunits. The 20S subunit has 21 proteins bound to the 16S (1700 nt) rRNA. The 50S subunit has 34 proteins bound to the 23S (3700 nt) and 5s (120 nt) rRNA. The storage granules or inclusions include metachromatic granules (which contain polyphosphate), glycogen granules (which store polyglucose) and lipid inclusions (which contain poly-B-hydroxybutyrate or PHB). Bacteria do not have a nucleus or other complex organelles (such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum or chloroplasts) as found in eukaryotic cells. This simple interior structure makes bacterial cells much simpler to model and much easier to understand than eukaryotic cells. (From http://redpoll.pharmacy.ualberta.ca/CCDB/intron_new.html) (BacMap)
Taxonomy
Kingdom:Bacteria
Phylum:Proteobacteria
Class:Gammaproteobacteria
Order:Enterobacteriales
Family:Enterobacteriaceae
Genus:Escherichia
Species:coli
Strain UMN026
Complete Yes
Sequencing centre (14-DEC-2008) Genoscope - Centre National de Sequencage : BP 191 91006 EVRY cedex - FRANCE (E-mail : seqref@genoscope.cns.fr
(18-DEC-2008) National Center for Biotechnology Information, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
Sequencing quality Level 6: Finished
Sequencing depth NA
Sequencing method NA
Isolation site Patient in 1922
Isolation country NA
Number of replicons 3
Gram staining properties Negative
Shape Bacilli
Mobility No
Flagellar presence Yes
Number of membranes 2
Oxygen requirements Facultative
Optimal temperature NA
Temperature range Mesophilic
Habitat Multiple
Biotic relationship Free living
Host name Homo sapiens
Cell arrangement Pairs, Singles
Sporulation Nonsporulating
Metabolism NA
Energy source NA
Diseases Urinary tract infection
Pathogenicity Yes
Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis
Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)
Pentose phosphate pathway
Pentose and glucuronate interconversions
Fructose and mannose metabolism
Galactose metabolism
Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism
Fatty acid metabolism
Ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis
Purine metabolism
Pyrimidine metabolism
Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
Cysteine and methionine metabolism
Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis
Lysine biosynthesis
Arginine and proline metabolism
Histidine metabolism
Phenylalanine metabolism
Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis
beta-Alanine metabolism
Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism
Selenocompound metabolism
D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism
D-Alanine metabolism
Glutathione metabolism
Starch and sucrose metabolism
Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism
Streptomycin biosynthesis
Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis
Peptidoglycan biosynthesis
Glycerolipid metabolism
Glycerophospholipid metabolism
Pyruvate metabolism
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism
Nitrotoluene degradation
Propanoate metabolism
Butanoate metabolism
C5-Branched dibasic acid metabolism
One carbon pool by folate
Thiamine metabolism
Riboflavin metabolism
Vitamin B6 metabolism
Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism
Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis
Biotin metabolism
Lipoic acid metabolism
Folate biosynthesis
Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
Nitrogen metabolism
Sulfur metabolism
Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of siderophore group nonribosomal peptides