Clostridium kluyveri DSM 555
Names | Clostridium kluyveri DSM 555 |
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Accession numbers | NC_009466, NC_009706 |
Background | Clostridium kluyveri is a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium. It is unique among the clostridia as it grows anaerobically on ethanol and acetate as sole energy sources, and has been extensively studied. Fermentation products are butyrate, caproate, and H2. It has been used as a source of enzymes, for example phosphotransacetylase for analytical purposes and enoate reductases for stereospecific hydrogenation reactions. A membrane-bound energy-converting NADH:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and a butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase complex coupling the reduction of crotonyl-CoA to butyryl-CoA with the reduction of ferredoxin represent a new energy-conserving module in anaerobes. The genes for NAD-dependent ethanol dehydrogenase and NAD(P)-dependent acetaldehyde dehydrogenase are located next to genes for microcompartment proteins, suggesting that the two enzymes, which are isolated together in a macromolecular complex, form a carboxysome-like structure. Unique for a strict anaerobe, C. kluyveri harbors three sets of genes predicted to encode for polyketide/nonribosomal peptide synthetase hybrides and one set for a nonribosomal peptide synthetase. The latter is predicted to catalyze the synthesis of a new siderophore, which is formed under iron-deficient growth conditions (modified from PubMed:18218779).Although strains DSM 555 (CLOK5, this strain) and NBRC 12016 (CLOK1) are purportedly coidentical type strains of Clostridium kluyveri there are differences in the genomic sequences. The DNA record for CLOK1 (AC AP009049) it says; "The genome sequence of NBRC 12016 strain has the region containing phage-related genes (from 1.93 Mbp to 1.99 Mbp). A similar region occurs in DSM 555 (1.93 Mbp to 2.06 Mbp) but it is not only double the size of the NBRC12016 region, but also a duplicate." Whether these differences are due to errors in sequencing and/or assembly, or due to divergent evolution of the two strains is indeterminate at present (April 2009). (HAMAP: CLOK5) |
Taxonomy | |
Kingdom: | Bacteria |
Phylum: | Firmicutes |
Class: | Clostridia |
Order: | Clostridiales |
Family: | Clostridiaceae |
Genus: | Clostridium |
Species: | kluyveri |
Strain | DSM 555 |
Complete | Yes |
Sequencing centre | (11-APR-2007) Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen Genomics Laboratory, Grisebachstrasse 8, Goettingen, (26-JUL-2007) National Center for Biotechnology Information, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA |
Sequencing quality | Level 6: Finished |
Sequencing depth | NA |
Sequencing method | Sanger, 454-GS20 |
Isolation site | "Mud of a canal in Delft, The Netherlands" |
Isolation country | Netherlands |
Number of replicons | 2 |
Gram staining properties | Positive |
Shape | Bacilli |
Mobility | Yes |
Flagellar presence | NA |
Number of membranes | 1 |
Oxygen requirements | Anaerobic |
Optimal temperature | NA |
Temperature range | Mesophilic |
Habitat | Aquatic |
Biotic relationship | Free living |
Host name | NA |
Cell arrangement | Pairs, Singles |
Sporulation | Sporulating |
Metabolism | NA |
Energy source | Chemoorganotroph |
Diseases | None |
Pathogenicity | No |
Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis
Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)
Pentose phosphate pathway
Purine metabolism
Pyrimidine metabolism
Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
Cysteine and methionine metabolism
Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis
Lysine biosynthesis
Histidine metabolism
Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis
Selenocompound metabolism
D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism
D-Alanine metabolism
Peptidoglycan biosynthesis
Pyruvate metabolism
Butanoate metabolism
C5-Branched dibasic acid metabolism
One carbon pool by folate
Thiamine metabolism
Riboflavin metabolism
Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism
Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis
Biotin metabolism
Lipoic acid metabolism
Folate biosynthesis
Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism
Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
Sulfur metabolism
Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis
Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)
Pentose phosphate pathway
Purine metabolism
Pyrimidine metabolism
Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
Cysteine and methionine metabolism
Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis
Lysine biosynthesis
Histidine metabolism
Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis
Selenocompound metabolism
D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism
D-Alanine metabolism
Peptidoglycan biosynthesis
Pyruvate metabolism
Butanoate metabolism
C5-Branched dibasic acid metabolism
One carbon pool by folate
Thiamine metabolism
Riboflavin metabolism
Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism
Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis
Biotin metabolism
Lipoic acid metabolism
Folate biosynthesis
Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism
Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
Sulfur metabolism
Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis
NCBI Genomes
NC_009466NC_009706