Herminiimonas arsenicoxydans
Names | Herminiimonas arsenicoxydans |
---|---|
Accession numbers | NC_009138 |
Background | Herminiimonas arsenicoxydans strain ULPAs1 (formerly called Caenibacter arsenoxydans ULPAs1, or Cenibacterium arsenoxydans) is an heterotrophic bacterium isolated from the activated sludge of an industrial water treatment plant contaminated with heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, copper, and silver. H. arsenicoxydans is the first fully characterized arsenic-metabolizing microorganism. It is phylogenetically associated with the beta subdivision of the Proteobacteria and belongs to the new genus Herminiimonas comprising bacteria isolated from diverse aquatic environments and anthropized ecosystems. H. arsenicoxydans possesses unsuspected mechanisms for coping with arsenic. Aside from multiple biochemical processes such as arsenic oxidation/reduction, oxidative stress resistance and As[III] extrusion (efflux), H. arsenicoxydans also exhibits positive chemotaxis and motility towards arsenic and metalloid scavenging by exopolysaccharides. These observations demonstrate the existence of a novel strategy to efficiently colonize arsenic-rich environments, which extends beyond oxidoreduction reactions. Genomic and experimental data demonstrated that this organism is capable of accommodating the presence of high concentrations of various toxic metals such as cadmium and zinc. However, except for arsenic, the resistance levels to toxic metals were much lower than those measured in the metallophilic R. metallidurans, which contains multiple plasmid-encoded genes, suggesting a specific physiological adaptation of H. arsenicoxydans toward arsenic. Three clusters of genes involved in resistance to arsenic were identified. Quantitative analysis of the transporter-encoding gene mRNA demonstrated that the resistance operons are either constitutively expressed or induced in the presence of As[III] in H. arsenicoxydans. H. arsenicoxydans can accommodate a wide range of oxygen. Indeed, the H. arsenicoxydans genome harbors multiple respiratory pathways, permitting microorganisms to grow under aerobic, microaerobic, and anoxic conditions. Remarkably, the versatile regulatory system of H. arsenicoxydans enables it to sense dynamic changes in arsenic concentration and to initiate motility and EPS synthesis for attachment to this metalloid. Recent results suggest that microbial biofilms are involved in the adsorption and immobilization of metals (such as Pb[II] and Cr[III]). The ability of H. arsenicoxydans to scavenge arsenic in an EPS matrix may be of prime importance in the context of bioremediation of contaminated environments, leading to the sequestration of this toxic metalloid. (EBI Integr8) |
Taxonomy | |
Kingdom: | Bacteria |
Phylum: | Proteobacteria |
Class: | Betaproteobacteria |
Order: | Burkholderiales |
Family: | Oxalobacteraceae |
Genus: | Herminiimonas |
Species: | arsenicoxydans |
Strain | NA |
Complete | Yes |
Sequencing centre | (12-MAR-2007) Genoscope - Centre National de Sequencage : BP 191 91006 EVRY cedex - FRANCE (E-mail : seqref@genoscope.cns.fr (23-MAR-2007) National Center for Biotechnology Information, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA |
Sequencing quality | Level 6: Finished |
Sequencing depth | NA |
Sequencing method | Sanger |
Isolation site | "ndustrial waste water treatment plant, liquid sample contaminated with arsenic" |
Isolation country | Germany |
Number of replicons | 1 |
Gram staining properties | Negative |
Shape | Bacilli |
Mobility | Yes |
Flagellar presence | Yes |
Number of membranes | 2 |
Oxygen requirements | Anaerobic |
Optimal temperature | NA |
Temperature range | Mesophilic |
Habitat | Aquatic |
Biotic relationship | Free living |
Host name | NA |
Cell arrangement | NA |
Sporulation | NA |
Metabolism | NA |
Energy source | Heterotroph |
Diseases | NA |
Pathogenicity | No |
Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis
Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)
Pentose phosphate pathway
Fatty acid metabolism
Synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies
Purine metabolism
Pyrimidine metabolism
Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
Cysteine and methionine metabolism
Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation
Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis
Lysine biosynthesis
Histidine metabolism
Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis
Selenocompound metabolism
D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism
D-Arginine and D-ornithine metabolism
D-Alanine metabolism
Streptomycin biosynthesis
Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis
Peptidoglycan biosynthesis
Pyruvate metabolism
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism
Propanoate metabolism
Butanoate metabolism
C5-Branched dibasic acid metabolism
One carbon pool by folate
Thiamine metabolism
Riboflavin metabolism
Vitamin B6 metabolism
Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism
Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis
Biotin metabolism
Lipoic acid metabolism
Folate biosynthesis
Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
Nitrogen metabolism
Sulfur metabolism
Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis
Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)
Pentose phosphate pathway
Fatty acid metabolism
Synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies
Purine metabolism
Pyrimidine metabolism
Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
Cysteine and methionine metabolism
Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation
Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis
Lysine biosynthesis
Histidine metabolism
Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis
Selenocompound metabolism
D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism
D-Arginine and D-ornithine metabolism
D-Alanine metabolism
Streptomycin biosynthesis
Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis
Peptidoglycan biosynthesis
Pyruvate metabolism
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism
Propanoate metabolism
Butanoate metabolism
C5-Branched dibasic acid metabolism
One carbon pool by folate
Thiamine metabolism
Riboflavin metabolism
Vitamin B6 metabolism
Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism
Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis
Biotin metabolism
Lipoic acid metabolism
Folate biosynthesis
Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
Nitrogen metabolism
Sulfur metabolism
Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis