Mycobacterium ulcerans Agy99
Names | Mycobacterium ulcerans Agy99 |
---|---|
Accession numbers | NC_005916, NC_008611 |
Background | In 1948 the etiologic agent of the Bairnsdale ulcer in humans was discovered by a team of Australian researchers and was named Mycobacterium ulcerans. During the 1960s many cases were reported from the Buruli County in Uganda and the disease became generally known as Buruli ulcer. The Buruli ulcer is a devastating necrotic disease of subcutaneous tissue and a single Buruli ulcer can cover more than 15% of a person's skin surface and contains huge numbers of extracellular bacteria. Despite their abundance and extensive tissue damage, there is no acute inflammatory response to the bacteria and the lesions are often painless. This pathology is attributed to mycolactone, a macrolide toxin. Impoverished rural communities of West and Central Africa are worst affected although the disease occurs in other parts of the world. Since 1989, the prevalence of Buruli ulcer has increased and now exceeds that of leprosy and, in some instances, tuberculosis. Outbreaks are sporadic and unpredictable. Although the epidemiology of Buruli ulcer is poorly understood, proximity to stagnant or slow-flowing watercourses is a recognized risk factor. M. ulcerans is associated with algae, therefore, snails and organisms that feed on algae could be passive hosts. It has been shown that M. ulcerans is able to multiply in the salivary glands of Naucoris cimicoides, a carnivorous water bug. Humans could become infected through contact with contaminated Naucorides. Mycobacterium ulcerans (strain Agy99) was isolated from an ulcerative lesion on the right elbow of a female patient from the Ga district of Ghana in 1999. Its genome is made up of a 5.6 Mb chromosome and a 174,155-bp plasmid. The chromosome contains 4160 CDS and 771 pseudogenes, it harbors two prophages, phiMU01 and phiMU02, 302 insertion sequence elements and multiple DNA deletions and rearrangements. This indicates that M. ulcerans has recently evolved via lateral gene transfer and reductive evolution from the generalist, more rapid-growing environmental Mycobacterium marinum to become a niche-adapted specialist. The virulence plasmid pMUM001 encodes 81 CDS. Six CDS code for proteins involved in mycolactone synthesis, among which, mlsA1 and mlsA2, two giant polyketide synthases (PKS) responsible for the synthesis of the mycolactone core, and mlsB which is responsible for the synthesis of the mycolactone side chain. (EBI Integr8) |
Taxonomy | |
Kingdom: | Bacteria |
Phylum: | Actinobacteria |
Class: | Actinobacteria |
Order: | Actinomycetales |
Family: | Mycobacteriaceae |
Genus: | Mycobacterium |
Species: | ulcerans |
Strain | Agy99 |
Complete | Yes |
Sequencing centre | (04-DEC-2006) National Center for Biotechnology Information, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA (06-APR-2006) Unite de Genetique Moleculaire Bacterienne, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Docteur Roux, Paris Cedex 15 75725, |
Sequencing quality | Level 6: Finished |
Sequencing depth | NA |
Sequencing method | Sanger |
Isolation site | ulcerative lesion on the right elbow of a female patient from the Ga district of Ghana in 1999 |
Isolation country | Ghana |
Number of replicons | 2 |
Gram staining properties | Positive |
Shape | Bacilli |
Mobility | No |
Flagellar presence | No |
Number of membranes | 1 |
Oxygen requirements | Aerobic |
Optimal temperature | 32.0 |
Temperature range | Mesophilic |
Habitat | HostAssociated |
Biotic relationship | Free living |
Host name | Homo sapiens |
Cell arrangement | Singles |
Sporulation | Nonsporulating |
Metabolism | NA |
Energy source | Chemoorganotroph |
Diseases | Buruli ulcer |
Pathogenicity | Yes |
Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis
Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)
Pentose phosphate pathway
Fatty acid metabolism
Synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies
Purine metabolism
Pyrimidine metabolism
Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
Cysteine and methionine metabolism
Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation
Geraniol degradation
Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis
Lysine biosynthesis
Histidine metabolism
Bisphenol degradation
Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis
Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism
Selenocompound metabolism
D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism
D-Arginine and D-ornithine metabolism
D-Alanine metabolism
Streptomycin biosynthesis
Peptidoglycan biosynthesis
Pyruvate metabolism
Chloroalkane and chloroalkene degradation
Naphthalene degradation
Propanoate metabolism
Butanoate metabolism
C5-Branched dibasic acid metabolism
One carbon pool by folate
Thiamine metabolism
Riboflavin metabolism
Vitamin B6 metabolism
Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism
Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis
Biotin metabolism
Lipoic acid metabolism
Folate biosynthesis
Atrazine degradation
Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism
Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
Limonene and pinene degradation
Sulfur metabolism
Caprolactam degradation
Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis
Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)
Pentose phosphate pathway
Fatty acid metabolism
Synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies
Purine metabolism
Pyrimidine metabolism
Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
Cysteine and methionine metabolism
Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation
Geraniol degradation
Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis
Lysine biosynthesis
Histidine metabolism
Bisphenol degradation
Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis
Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism
Selenocompound metabolism
D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism
D-Arginine and D-ornithine metabolism
D-Alanine metabolism
Streptomycin biosynthesis
Peptidoglycan biosynthesis
Pyruvate metabolism
Chloroalkane and chloroalkene degradation
Naphthalene degradation
Propanoate metabolism
Butanoate metabolism
C5-Branched dibasic acid metabolism
One carbon pool by folate
Thiamine metabolism
Riboflavin metabolism
Vitamin B6 metabolism
Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism
Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis
Biotin metabolism
Lipoic acid metabolism
Folate biosynthesis
Atrazine degradation
Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism
Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
Limonene and pinene degradation
Sulfur metabolism
Caprolactam degradation
Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis