Halomonas elongata DSM 2581
Names | Halomonas elongata DSM 2581 |
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Accession numbers | NC_014532 |
Background | Halophilic bacteria and archaea have developed two basically different osmoregulatory mechanisms to cope with ionic strength and the considerable water stress, namely the "salt-in-cytoplasm" mechanism and the organic osmolyte mechanism. Organisms following the salt-in-cytoplasm mechanism adapt the interior protein chemistry of the cell to high salt concentration. The osmotic adjustment of the cell can be achieved by raising the salt concentration (KCl) in the cytoplasm according to the environmental osmolarity. In contrast, microorganisms applying the organic osmolyte mechanism keep their cytoplasm, to a large extent, free of KCl and the design of the cell's interior remains basically unchanged. Instead, organisms of this group accumulate highly water-soluble organic compounds, in order to maintain an osmotic equilibrium with the surrounding medium. These molecules do not disturb the cell's metabolism, even at high cytoplasmic concentrations, and are thus aptly named "compatible solutes". Compatible solutes are beneficial for bacterial cells not only as osmoregulatory solutes, but also as protectants of proteins by mitigating detrimental effects of freezing, drying and high temperatures. The predominant compatible solutes in halophilic bacteria are the amino acid derivatives glycine-betaine and ectoine (1,4,5,6,tetra-2-methyl-4-pyrimidonecarboxylic acid).Halomonas elongata (strain ATCC 33173 / DSM 2581 / NBRC 15536 / NCIMB 2198 / 1H9) is an halophilic Gram-negative bacterium isolated from a solar salt facility. It is halotolerant up to a concentration of 35% and uses ectoine as its major compatible solute. H.elongata can both, synthesize and degrade ectoine. The degradation of ectoine proceeds via hydrolysis of ectoine to Na-acetyl-L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid, followed by deacetylation to diaminobutyric acid. In H. elongata, diaminobutyric acid can either flow off to aspartate or re-enter the ectoine synthesis pathway, forming a cycle of ectoine synthesis and degradation. Ectoine levels are highly regulated according to external salt levels but the overall picture of its metabolism and control is not well understood. Apart from its critical role in cell adaptation to halophilic environments, ectoine can be used as a stabilizer for enzymes and as a cell protectant in skin and health care applications. Ectoine is produced annually on a scale of tons in an industrial process using H. elongata as producer. (Adapted from PMID: 20849449). (HAMAP: HALED) |
Taxonomy | |
Kingdom: | Bacteria |
Phylum: | Proteobacteria |
Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
Order: | Oceanospirillales |
Family: | Halomonadaceae |
Genus: | Halomonas |
Species: | elongata |
Strain | DSM 2581 |
Complete | Yes |
Sequencing centre | (20-MAY-2010) Pfeiffer F., Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Dept membrane Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, (21-SEP-2010) National Center for Biotechnology Information, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA |
Sequencing quality | Level 6: Finished |
Sequencing depth | NA |
Sequencing method | NA |
Isolation site | saltern, Bonaire, the Netherlands Antilles |
Isolation country | Netherlands |
Number of replicons | 1 |
Gram staining properties | Negative |
Shape | Bacilli |
Mobility | Yes |
Flagellar presence | Yes |
Number of membranes | 2 |
Oxygen requirements | Facultative |
Optimal temperature | NA |
Temperature range | Mesophilic |
Habitat | Fresh water |
Biotic relationship | Free living |
Host name | NA |
Cell arrangement | NA |
Sporulation | Nonsporulating |
Metabolism | NA |
Energy source | NA |
Diseases | NA |
Pathogenicity | No |
Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis
Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)
Pentose phosphate pathway
Fatty acid metabolism
Synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies
Ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis
Purine metabolism
Pyrimidine metabolism
Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
Cysteine and methionine metabolism
Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation
Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis
Lysine biosynthesis
Arginine and proline metabolism
Histidine metabolism
Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis
beta-Alanine metabolism
Selenocompound metabolism
D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism
D-Alanine metabolism
Glutathione metabolism
Streptomycin biosynthesis
Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis
Peptidoglycan biosynthesis
Pyruvate metabolism
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism
Propanoate metabolism
Butanoate metabolism
C5-Branched dibasic acid metabolism
One carbon pool by folate
Thiamine metabolism
Riboflavin metabolism
Vitamin B6 metabolism
Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism
Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis
Biotin metabolism
Lipoic acid metabolism
Folate biosynthesis
Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism
Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
Sulfur metabolism
Caprolactam degradation
Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis
Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)
Pentose phosphate pathway
Fatty acid metabolism
Synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies
Ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis
Purine metabolism
Pyrimidine metabolism
Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
Cysteine and methionine metabolism
Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation
Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis
Lysine biosynthesis
Arginine and proline metabolism
Histidine metabolism
Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis
beta-Alanine metabolism
Selenocompound metabolism
D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism
D-Alanine metabolism
Glutathione metabolism
Streptomycin biosynthesis
Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis
Peptidoglycan biosynthesis
Pyruvate metabolism
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism
Propanoate metabolism
Butanoate metabolism
C5-Branched dibasic acid metabolism
One carbon pool by folate
Thiamine metabolism
Riboflavin metabolism
Vitamin B6 metabolism
Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism
Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis
Biotin metabolism
Lipoic acid metabolism
Folate biosynthesis
Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism
Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
Sulfur metabolism
Caprolactam degradation
Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis